Chromium

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Name: Chromium

Class:

Mechanism: Part of several metalloenzymes

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Special Features: Deficiencies only in severely protein-deprived pts and pts. w/prolonged parenteral feeding.

 

Cobalt

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Name: Cobalt

Class:

Mechanism: Present in vitamin B­12.

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Special Features: No known deficiency states.

 

Manganese

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Name: Manganese

Class:

Mechanism: Present in several enzymes, required for normal bone structure.

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Special Features: No reported deficiencies. Excess limited to manganese miners.

 

Fluoride

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Name: Fluoride

Class:

Mechanism: Present in bones and teeth. Fluoridation of drinking water at 1 ppm ® ¯ dental caries by 30-40%. Hardens outer layers of tooth enamel. Makes enamel more resistant to demineralization.

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Special Features: Excess (> 10 ppm in water) ® fluorosis (mottling of teeth) due to excess accumulation in teeth and bones.

 

Selenium

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Name: Selenium

Class:

Mechanism: Present in glutathione peroxidase which destroys peroxides derived from unsaturated fatty acids. Probably has a close functional relationship w/vitamin E.

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Special Features: RDA probably directly proportional to intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids.